Exercises and Solutions - Day 2 (May 20th)

Exercises: Exercises of the day

Exercises and solutions - Part II

The solutions are indicated in red.

Part II - Materials

Exercise 2-2
In the class DetectorConstruction.cc define the following G4Isotopes (stable isotopes of germanium) and then define a G4Element, which is germanium enriched in Ge-76. This material is used for neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments.

Define a G4Material, which is metallic germaniumm using density=5.32 g/cm3.

G4VPhysicalVolume* DetectorConstruction::Construct() {
...
  G4String name,symbol;
  G4double abundance,density;
  G4int nIsotopes,natoms;
   
  //Define isotopes
  G4Isotope* Ge72 = new G4Isotope(name="Ge72",  32, 72, 71.92*g/mole);
  G4Isotope* Ge73 = new G4Isotope(name="Ge73",  32, 73, 73.0*g/mole);
  G4Isotope* Ge74 = new G4Isotope(name="Ge74",  32, 74, 74.0*g/mole);
  G4Isotope* Ge76 = new G4Isotope(name="Ge76",  32, 76, 76.0*g/mole);
   
  //Define element from isotopes
  G4Element* elGeEnr = new G4Element(name="enrichedGermanium",
                                     symbol="GeEnr",nIsotopes=4);
  elGeEnr->AddIsotope(Ge72,abundance= 0.1*perCent);
  elGeEnr->AddIsotope(Ge73,abundance= 0.2*perCent);
  elGeEnr->AddIsotope(Ge74,abundance= 13.1*perCent);
  elGeEnr->AddIsotope(Ge76,abundance= 86.6*perCent);
   
  //Define material
  G4Material* enrGe = new G4Material(name="EnrichedGe", 
     density=5.32*g/cm3,1);
  enrGe->AddElement(elGeEnr,natoms=1);
}
Source code

Exercise 2-3

  1. Define a G4Material, liquid nitrogen , composed by only one element (nitrogen): Z=7, A=14.01 g/mole, density=0.808 g/cm3, temperature=77 K

  2. Define a gaseous G4Material, air, as a mixture of nitrogen (80% in mass) and oxygen (20% in mass). Density=1.290 mg/cm3, pressure=1 atm, temperature=300 K. Elemental properties of nitrogen are listed in point (1). For oxygen: Z=8 and A=15.9994 g/mole

G4VPhysicalVolume* DetectorConstruction::Construct() {
...
  G4String name, symbol;
  G4double abundance, density, fractionMass;
  G4int nIsotopes, nAtoms;
  G4double A,Z;
  G4double temperature, pressure;
  
  G4Material* liquidNitrogen = new G4Material(name="LiquidNitrogen",
					      Z=7.,
                                              A=14.01*g/mole,
					      density=0.808*g/cm3,
					      kStateLiquid,
					      temperature=77*kelvin);
  //
  // define elemental nitrogen and oxygen
  G4Element* elNitrogen = new G4Element(name="Nitrogen",
                                        symbol="N",
                                        Z=7.,
					A=14.01*g/mole);
  G4Element* elOxygen = new G4Element(name="Oxygen",
                                      symbol="O",
                                      Z=8.,
				      A=15.9994*g/mole);
  // define air
  G4Material* air = new G4Material(name="air",
                                   density=1.29*mg/cm3,
                                   2,
                                   kStateGas,
				   temperature=300*kelvin,
				   pressure=1*atmosphere);
  air->AddElement(elNitrogen, fractionMass=80.0*perCent);
  air->AddElement(elOxygen, fractionMass=20.0*perCent);
}
Source code